Author: Bhukya Supriya*

Sarojini Naidu Vanitha Pharmacy Maha Vidyalaya

ABSTRACT:

In general, the pharmacy profession has changed significantly throughout time and in order to benefit the patient, the medical team, and the healthcare system, these adjustments are made to the establishment of unitary, quantifiable quality criteria for the services. Basically, the primary factors of this profession’s advancements over the years have been to provide pharmacists with a defined set of practises. Pharmaceutical care, also known as pharmacist care, is one of the significant changes from the previous years. Since its introduction, there have been sufficient discussions on the definition of pharmaceutical care as well as the distinctions between traditional pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical care, and the health care systems in various nations. Pharmaceutical care is a cooperative, comprehensive approach to medication therapy with the primary goal of producing tangible results that enhance a patient’s quality of life. The primary goal of this article is to illustrate the development of pharmacy practise from its inception to the present.

Key Words: Medicine, Pharmacy Profession, Medication Adherence, Patient Compliance.

1. Introduction:

There have been three key periods in twentieth-century pharmacy throughout the past 50 years, as the demands of our people have changed in terms of health care. (1)

Traditional:

* Apothecary position (which means preparing a selling medical drugs) (1)

Transitional:

* The role of the pharmaceutical industry has grown, along with the dispensing of medications, and clinical pharmacy has developed more lately. However, in this stage, patient responsibility was lacking, which causes the review of pharmacological care in the next era.

In addition to dispensing medications and ensuring patient safety today pharmacists are taking a large role as medical counselors, educators, and advocates and they are integral parts of the healthcare team and are among the most trusted and accessible healthcare professionals this accessibility allows them to perform more patient care activities including counseling medication management. And also, these efforts help to increase patient outcomes and decrease overall healthcare costs.

In order to reduce the danger of potential drug therapy issues, pharmacists need to be able to recognize eight different types of drug-related issues. and among those eight are: 1. Untreated indication; 2. Subtherapeutic dosage, 3. Inadequate medication selection,4. Failure to receive medication, 5. Overdosing, 6. adverse effects of drugs,7. medication interactions, 8. Drug use without provable harm. (1)

2. What exactly pharmaceutical care is?

Pharmacists collaborate with patients and other healthcare providers to design, implement, and monitor a therapeutic plan that will result in particular therapeutic outcomes for the patients. This is the foundation of pharmaceutical care. Although there isn’t a single term to use to describe pharmaceutical care in depth, it does cover some fundamental concepts. (2)

2.1 Patient-centered care:

* Health care that creates a partnership between doctors, patients, and their families to ensure that decisions respect patients’ goals, needs, and preferences and that patients have access to the information and support they need to make decisions and take an active role in their own treatment.

* Patients, families, and healthcare professionals work together to build and administer a personalised, all-encompassing care plan using a shared decision-making approach. (2)

2.2Value based care:

Basically, there are three main components of value-based care:

1. A more positive patient experience.
2. lower cost
3. better public health (2)

2.3. Team based care:

Like other healthcare professions, pharmacists must understand their place in the care delivery system and how they may better serve patients. (2)

2.4Core elements of pharmaceutical care:

2.5. FOCUSED AREA OF PRACTICE OF PHARMACUTICAL CARE:

(2)(3)

2.6. Scope of practice within pharmaceutical care:

(2)

2.7 Uniqueness Of Pharmaceutical Care:

The patient is the primary focus of pharmaceutical care, which is a continuous process with the main objective being to predict or enhance patient outcomes.

The patient outcomes gained with various pharmaceutical care programmes are improving patients’ health, but additional research projects need to be done to back up this improvement (4)

3. BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS:

In essence, pharmacists serve as the patient’s and doctor’s point of contact, providing guidance on how to utilise medications properly as well as recommendations for community health education. Here, PPCP plays a role. Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners released the PPCP in 2014, with the support of 13 national pharmacy organisations. to provide a uniform method for pharmacist patient care. a framework for patient care delivery in any practise scenario. to provide patient-centered treatment using a cutting-edge and comprehensive strategy in cooperation with other team members. To offer patient centered collabrative care is the core objective of PPCP. (5,8)

3.1 Why PPCP is important?

* ACPE incorporated the patient care process in pharm D program standards

*ASHP incorporated into pharmacy residency accreditation standards.

*HIT collaborative is using the process as a frame work to develop patient care documents to be used in electronic health care records.

*The PQA is considering the process for quality measures

*Process written into contract for pharmacists being paid for MTM services.

*The alliance for AIMM collaborative, several CMMI grantees, CE providers are incorporating the process into education and training.

*AUHS is incorporating this education and training to their preceptors, faculty, staff and students (1)

3.2 JCPP Vision:

Patients achieve optimal health and medication outcomes with pharmacists as essential and accountable providers with in patient centered, team-based health care.

3.3 Foundational components:

A patient-pharmacist connection must be established, and collaboration, documentation, and communication with doctors and other healthcare professionals must be ongoing.

Effective engagement and communication with the patient, their family, and the carers.

Interoperable information technology solutions that enable effective and efficient communication have improved the process. (6,7)

3.4 PPCP HUB:

Collaborate:

Team based care with other health care professionals, patient, family, and caregiver.

Communicate:

Health care professionals, patient, family, caregiver.

Document:

Let those collaborators know what happened, when, and why.

3.5 PPCP core:

Collect:

Pharmacist collects the necessary subjective and objective information about the patient and that information includes medication list, medical history, and life style. (6,7)

Assess:

Assess the information that was collected and analyze the clinical effects of patient therapy. The ultimate goal is to prioritize problems to achieve overall health goals and optimize care. (6,7)

Plan:

Pharmacist develops an individualized patient-centered care plan in collaboration with other health care professionals and the patient or caregiver that is evidence-based and cost-effective. (6,7)

Implement:

Pharmacist implements the care plan in collaboration with other health care professionals and the patient, and this care plan includes addressing the patient’s problems, set goals for better health and engaging the patient. (6,7)

Follow up:

Together with the patient and other healthcare experts, the pharmacist keeps track of, assesses, and improves the treatment plan. And using health information, test findings, and patient comments, this monitoring and evaluation also include drug appropriateness, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. clinical endpoints that affect patients’ general well-being Results of care become closer to reaching therapeutic objectives. (8,9)

4. What pharmacists can do?

The importance of pharmacists in society is growing along with the demand for medicines. Pharmacy professionals consider every sector of society. The role of a pharmacist ranges from formulation and preparation to sales and marketing, as well as in other fields such as academia and law firms that are familiar with pharmacy laws. However, industrial pharmacists’ main areas of focus will be on R & D, manufacturing and quality assurance, drug information, parent application and drug registration, clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance, sales and marketing, management, primary care pharmacists, community pharmacists, and pharmacists.(10,11,12,13,14)

5. PHARMACISTS IN HEALTH CARE:

5.1Social duties and health promotion:

Basically, health promotion in a community involves enlightening citizens about their health issues. Since this is accomplished by implementing healthcare initiatives like the Red Cross, pharmacists are now more important than ever to make a contribution to the field of health promotion. (15,16,17,18)

5.2 Individualizing medication treatment:

This was the most recent idea introduced, and it is gaining traction quickly. The pharmacist records the patient’s medical history, offers counseling to the patient, and archives the patient’s data for the therapy in order to introduce the idea of personalized medication therapy..(,1920,21,22)

5.3 Dispense and Compound:

Before dispensing narcotic medications, pharmacists must examine the prescription, be aware of the shelf life of the specific medication, properly choose the recommended medications by reviewing past medical records, and then label and assemble the dispensing items. (23,24,25)

6. FUTURE OBJECTIVES FOR PHARMACISTS:

information for enhancing human health is becoming increasingly available because to scientific advancement. and with the help of this new technology and methods, pharmacists in health systems will be able to use pharmacogenetic principles to reduce treatment failures and avoid negative medication responses. (26,27,28,29)

CONCLUSION:

Pharmacy is a unique profession in its own way and pharmacist need to know his own role to do his best nowadays pharmacist is getting equal importance along with other health care professionals and this is because the changes done by this profession over years .and here I wanted to conclude that PPCP is not a new concept it is a pharmaceutical care (30,31,32)

Abbreviations:

Pharmacists Patient Care Process (PPCP), Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP), Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) , American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists (ASHP) , Pharmacy Health Information Technology (HIT) , Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) , Alliance for Integrated Medication Management (AIMM), Centre for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI).

Acknowledgments:

It’s a great honor and gratitude to be pharmacist .and I am greatfull that my professers had helped me and I am thanking shailja mam for keeping her precious time to review my article.

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[28] Ali A, Katz DL. Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: How Integrative Medicine Fits. Am J Prev Med. 2015; 49 (5 Suppl 3): S230-40.

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